C.c. CD-ROM-Compact Disc-Read-Only Memory (What Is This)

2:26 AM Computer 1 Comment

CD-ROM stands for compact disc read only memory. A CD-ROM can store about 700MB of data. That is enough to hold about 3000000 text pages. Because CDs are inexpensive to produce yet provide access to so much storage, CD-ROM has become the medium of choice for publishing multimedia applications.

CDS bring music, literature, and video to your desktop, allow you to share animation, multimedia presentations, and software applications, and introduce you to the latest 3D games, medical journals, and reference materials. For years, computer systems have come standard with at least one CD-ROM drive. However, today’s technological advances offer other, more versatile CD options to consumers than the traditional read-only CD-ROM drive. Advanced options include CD-Recorder drives that can write or record data only once to a CD, CD-Re-writer drives that can write, erase, and rewrite data to a CD, or faster and more flexible CD-ROM drives that can also read media produced in a CD-R or CD-RW drive.

The speed of the CD-ROM is measured in how many thousands of characters it can read per second. The first CD-ROM drives could transfer data at a rate of 140K per second. Double speed CD-ROM drives can transfer data at twice that speed, or 300K per second. Now 42x are also available.

Multisession refers to a CD-ROM drive that can play back CDs that have been recorded on more than once. 

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C.H. Hard Drive (What Is This)

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The Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is the main secondary storage device used to permanently store information and consists of one or more magnetic disks contained in a box. An important function of a HDD is to store program files. When you purchase a new program, you need to install the program files to the HDD before you can run the program. Most programs will not work unless they are properly installed on the hard drive.

Speed –disk can spin much faster, thousands of RPM (revolution per minute). As a result of higher recording density and faster spinning, hard drive can write and retrieve information much faster.

The hard drive is connected to a disk controller with a cable. The hard drive can be connected by Enhanced integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE), and Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), pronounced “scuzzy”, connections.

EIDE is an improvement in transfer speed of the IDE, since it is typically connected to the system motherboard. The EIDE interface supports up to four drives, a master and slave on each of two channels. The intermediate PIO (Programmed or Processor I/O) modes and DMA (Direct Memory Access) modes used by EIDE and FAST-ATA are big performance boosters. Ultra DMA (also known as Ultra ATA) data transfer of 33 MB/S (megabytes per second) or 44MB/S or 100MB/S.

SCSI is a high-end controller system, where the units are connected to a special controller, which is rather expensive.

New Hard disk has more than 40GB (Gigabytes) of capacity and Ultra ATA/100 and 7200rpm (revolution per minute) spindle speed.

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C.P. Power Supply (What is this?)

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The ATX Power supply exchanges the two, 4 wires lead P8 and P9 leads of the AT power supply for a single 20 wire connector. The new additions, in terms of voltages and signals, are three +3.3V leads and a PS-ON (Power Supply On) signal, by which the powers supply, can be shut off or on. The drive connectors remain the same as with the AST supply, a combination of 4-lead mini-drive and drive connectors, providing +10 (Yellow) and +4 (red) volts, separated by two grounds. As with all switching power supplies, a minimum load is required for the supply to become active, i.e. either the motherboard or a drive must be connected. The 20 pin connector employs two rows of ten as follows (Note: Pin 1 hole is keyed as square) 

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C.R. Ram (Random Access Memory) (What?)

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Ram is commonly referred to as memory. Memory is measured in megabytes, abbreviated MB. Ram is used by the computer as a temporary storage area for the things it is using. The more ram you have, the faster the computer can perform tasks. 

C.R.1. SD RAM (Synchronized Dynamic RAM)

SD RAM is manufactured as 148 pin dims. Synchronized means that it is synchronized to interact with the CPU at specific intervals. This means that it doesn’t have to wait for the CPU to be ready since it has time scheduled to communicate with the CPU. Basically, SD RAM is just faster. 

C.R.2. DDR (Double Data Rate) SD RAM

DDR attempts to theoretically double performance of the SD RAM memory system by applying double data rate technology to send data on each edge of the clock signal in theory, doubling the data output of a device while not increasing its clock frequency in MHz .

 C.R.3. RD RAM (Rambus Dynamic Ram)

RD RAM architecture takes a different approach from SD RAM. Narrow high-speed buses are used. RD RAM transfers data at up to 800 MHz . 

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C.S.1. Motherboard (What is this?)

12:16 PM Computer 1 Comment

The main circuit board of a computer. The motherboard contains the connectors for attaching additional boards. Typically, the motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS, 184 PIN DDR memories, ULTRA –IDE drive controller serial and parallel ports, PCI expansion slots, and all the controllers required to control standard peripheral devices. Collectively, all these chips that reside on the motherboard are known as the motherboard’s chipset. 

ATX motherboard is more popular and has the small advantage that it allows automatic power- off on shut down.

Latest Pentium 4 motherboards include 184 pin DDR memory slots, 478 processor socket, AGP(Accelerated Graphics ports) slots for graphics card, USB port( (U)niversal (S)erial (B)us). New Pentium 4 motherboard has 400MHz OR 433MHz SYSTEM BUS Speed.

The BIOS (Setup program), an acronym for basic Input/output system, is a vital part of a computer’s system, without which nothing can work. Note that if you see the term CMOS in relation to the BIOS, or even mistakenly used as a term for the BIOS, this stands for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor. This is the material that the BIOS chip is made of, it is not the chip itself – or any of its contents. The BIOS program is the first component to start up when you switch a computer on. When the BIOS program runs, it uses a mathematical technique called the “checksum” to make sure the code it contains is sound. If the code fails to pass the checksum test, the BIOS reverts to using its built-in default settings.

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C.S. Computer system (system unit) (What is this?)

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The system unit is the computer. Powerful electronic circuitry that makes up the computer is housed inside the case. Most system unit consist of the computer case with a power supply, motherboards, processor, memory (ram), hard drive, floppy disk drive, CD-ROM drive, disk controller, input/output ports, video adapter, and sound board. The variation of the components inside the system unit is what makes one personal computer more powerful than another personal computer.

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C.1.5.Modern Digital Video Camera and C.1.6.Printer (What is this?)

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Refers to the capturing, manipulation and storage of video in digital formats. A digital video (DN) camcorder, for example, is a video camera that captures and stores images on a digital medium such as a DAT (acronym for digital audio tape, a type of magnetic tape that uses a scheme called helical scan to record data). Modern Video Camera is high resolution, more million colours, and it has video conferencing and video email facility.

Printer is a device that prints text or illustrations on paper. There are many different types of printers. Terms of technology utilized, printers fall into the following categories:

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C.1.4.Mouse (What is this?)

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A mouse is a hand held device that controls the movement of the pointer that you see on your screen. The mouse is used to manage objects on the screen.

Modern types of mouse

Intellipoint- Easy scrolling simply roll the wheel forward or backward instead of clicking on a scroll bar or arrow. Zoom quickly. In or out by holding the CTRL key while rolling the wheel (in compatible applications). Work hands- free with Auto- Scroll. Press the wheel, set the scroll speed, and then watch your document scroll automatically.

Intellipoint (Optical) Web Mouse w/ Connector- No ball to roll around and get dirty, only an optical eye. Two additional buttons for easy navigation. Get faster, more efficient Internet navigation without using toolbars or the keyboard. The extra buttons, one on each side, act as forward and back buttons for your browser. New shape and design. Designed for maximum comfort for both left- and right- handed users, IntelliMouse Web’s new two- toned color scheme add a new look and feel that will make your systems stand out.

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C.1.3. Speaker (What is this?)

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Speakers might be the important part of a new sound system. Today, many PC speakers include subwoofer to provide enhanced performance for low end bass audio. Particularly effective for adding impact to the sound effects combat oriented games, a subwoofer also enhances music and other content. Not everyone needs the same kind of speakers. After all, that thumping subwoofer might get a tad disruptive in the office. New speakers are available with 3D Sound (refers to a speaker set’s ability to create “Surround Sound”, giving the illusion that the listener is in an actual environment).

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C.1.2. Keyboard (What is this?)

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For A Long Time Keyboards Had Standard 101 Keys Until Windows Started Developing New Keys.

Windows Keys

This Group Appeared the First (Right after Windows 94). The Group Consists Of 3 Keys, Which Are Situated Between Alt And Ctrl. WL (Windows Logo) Doubles And Windows Application Key Is Only On The One Side. In Some Keyboards, There Are Internet And Multimedia Keys. 

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C.1.1 Monitor (What is this?)

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Monitors obviously display what is going on in your computer. They can run at various resolutions and refresh rates. 440x480 is the default resolution for the windows operating systems (this is a low resolution where objects appear large and blocky).440x480 just means that 440 pixels are fit across the top of your monitor and 480up and down. Most users prefer higher resolutions such as 800x400 or 1024x748 all the way up to 1400x1200 (and higher for graphics professionals). The higher resolutions make objects smaller, but clearer (because more pixels are fit in the screen). You can fit more objects on a screen when it is in a higher resolution. Larger monitors are better for running at the higher resolutions. If you run a high resolution on a small monitor, the text may be hard to read because of its small size, despite the clarity.

Flat panel monitors

Flat panel monitors can present excellent image quality, use very little power, emit very little heat and radiation, take up much less space, and are easy on the eyes. But flat screen monitors cost considerably more than standard monitors, although prices have been decreasing over time.

Note that a 17 inch flat panel equates to a 19 inch standard monitor and a 14 inch flat panel equates to a 17inch monitor. This is because the image on these panels reaches from edge to edge, so a 17 inch flat panel gives you nearly 17 inches across of image, which is almost identical to what you will get on a 19 inch standard monitor.

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C.1 Modern Computer System (What is this?)

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Most Modern Computers Include Following Visible Pats:

1.                  Monitor

2.                  Key Board

3.                  Speaker

4.                  Mouse

5.                  Video Camera

6.                  Printer

7.                  Computer System (System Unit)

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The Modern Computer (What is this?)

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Introduction

Modern computer is designed to deliver performance across applications and usages where end users can truly appreciate and experience the performance. These applications include internet audio and streaming video, image processing, video content creation, speech, 3d, CAD, games, multimedia and multi-tasking user environments.

Modern computer can perform high speed processing, sound and video. And it has bigger memory, large capacity of hard disk. Thus it can run sophisticated software like AutoCAD, video capturing and video editing. Most new software needs large memory and large hard disk capacity. To see clear video films need high resolution monitor, high speed CD-ROMS and large hard disk capacity. Now bigger than 40 GB hard disks and 42x CD ROMS are available in the market. To capture and edit films need more memory (around 244 MB) and 32 MB video memory and large hard disk capacity.

A modern computer can use as a television, radio, video camera, video editing units etc. 

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